Translation (school)

Translation: mRNA -> polypeptide at a ribosome. tRNA carries an amino acid; anticodon pairs with codon. A site, P site named. Start: Met-tRNA at AUG. Peptide bond. Stop: release. Polyribosome named: several ribosomes on one mRNA. Prok: transcription and translation can overlap in time. Euk: nuclear envelope separates them. Transcription copies a gene's DNA sequence into mRNA, which carries the message to ribosomes. Eukaryotes process mRNA (splicing, cap, tail) before export from the nucleus. Translation converts the mRNA codon sequence into a specific amino acid sequence — the central dogma's final step. tRNA anticodons match mRNA codons at the ribosome A and P sites.

TRANSLATION (SCHOOL) is an independent FBISE learning unit because students must connect its structures and processes with their biological functions and examples.

tRNA: Clover cartoon. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase named as the charger (word only). Wobble named: third base loose. Anticodon is RNA, so A on mRNA pairs U on tRNA. Only the template strand is transcribed. mRNA processed in eukaryotes: 5' cap, 3' poly-A tail, introns spliced out. Exons form the coding sequence. Examples: Carries one amino acid; Reusable; No protein-synthesis machine how-to. RIBOSOME: rRNA plus protein. 70S prok, 80S euk (school). Initiation, elongation, termination named. Signal peptide named if the book sends proteins to the ER. Prokaryotes: 70S. Eukaryotes: 80S. A site (aminoacyl), P site (peptidyl), E site (exit). Polyribosome: many ribosomes on one mRNA for efficient protein production. Examples: Peptide bond; Stop release; Many ribosomes = faster. Order the central dogma (school): DNA replication copies the archive. Transcription writes mRNA. Translation builds the protein.