ChemistryChapter 15: Organic Chemistry
Reaction Types (organic Map)
Addition: two molecules become one (alkene + Br2).
Learning objectives
- Explain reaction types (organic map) in simple chemical language.
- Connect 1. add / elim / sub with 2. redox and hydrolysis using equations, observations, or trends where needed.
- Answer a short Federal Board question with the correct terms and a clear reason.
Definition
Addition: two molecules become one (alkene + Br2). Elimination: lose a small molecule (HX from haloalkane). Substitution: swap an atom/group (Cl for H in methane, or OH for Br). Oxidation / reduction in organic: more C-O or less H is oxidation school; the opposite is reduction. Hydrolysis: water (or alkali) splits (ester, haloalkane). Polymerisation named. Meaning: later chapters reuse this list. Addition, substitution, elimination, oxidation, reduction, condensation — map to functional groups. Convert between formula types before naming; longest chain and lowest locants decide IUPAC marks.
Important terms
- REACTION TYPES (ORGANIC MAP)
- Addition: two molecules become one (alkene + Br2).
- 1. ADD / ELIM / SUB
- Alkene additions fill the extra bond.
- 2. REDOX AND HYDROLYSIS
- Alcohol -> aldehyde -> acid is oxidation (K2Cr2O7 named school).
Overview
Join or split, then redox:
Add / Elim / Sub
Alkene additions fill the extra bond. Elimination makes a double bond. Substitution keeps the chain length in simple school cases. Alkene addition; halogenoalkane substitution; alcohol oxidation — preview Ch16-18.
Examples Br2 water test · KOH alcoholic elim named · KOH aqueous sub named
Redox and Hydrolysis
Alcohol -> aldehyde -> acid is oxidation (K2Cr2O7 named school). Alkene -> alkane is reduction (H2 / Ni named). Ester + water <-> acid + alcohol. No drug routes. Recognise type from reagents: KMnO4 oxidises; H2/Ni reduces alkene.
Examples Orange to green Cr named · Ni hydrogenation named · Ester hydrolyse named
WHAT — REACTION TYPES (ORGANIC MAP)
Addition: two molecules become one (alkene + Br2). Elimination: lose a small molecule (HX from haloalkane). Substitution: swap an atom/group (Cl for H in methane, or OH for Br). Oxidation / reduction in organic: more C-O or less H is oxidation school; the opposite is reduction. Hydrolysis: water (or alkali) splits (ester, haloalkane). Polymerisation named. Meaning: later chapters reuse this list. Addition, substitution, elimination, oxidation, reduction, condensation — map to functional groups. Convert between formula types before naming; longest chain and lowest locants decide IUPAC marks.
WHY — Why this topic matters
REACTION TYPES (ORGANIC MAP) is an independent FBISE learning unit because students must use its definitions, conditions, equations, or trends separately in explanations and calculations.
HOW — How it works
ADD / ELIM / SUB: Alkene additions fill the extra bond. Elimination makes a double bond. Substitution keeps the chain length in simple school cases. Alkene addition; halogenoalkane substitution; alcohol oxidation — preview Ch16-18. Examples: Br2 water test; KOH alcoholic elim named; KOH aqueous sub named. REDOX AND HYDROLYSIS: Alcohol -> aldehyde -> acid is oxidation (K2Cr2O7 named school). Alkene -> alkane is reduction (H2 / Ni named). Ester + water <-> acid + alcohol. No drug routes. Recognise type from reagents: KMnO4 oxidises; H2/Ni reduces alkene. Examples: Orange to green Cr named; Ni hydrogenation named; Ester hydrolyse named. Exam: alkene + Br2 is addition. haloalkane + aqueous alkali is substitution. haloalkane + hot alcoholic alkali is elimination (school). alcohol + acidified dichromate is oxidation (school).
In simple words
Type names. No multi-step illicit synthesis.
Key points
- add, eliminate, substitute, redox, hydrolyse
- map for later chapters
- count molecules
- C-O vs C-H
Exam preparation
Exam Focus
Quick revision
Revision Zone
Review the key facts, formulas and checks before you move on.Reaction Types (organic Map)
Sticky Notes · Quick Revision
Core Idea
- Addition: two molecules become one (alkene + Br2). Elimination: lose a small molecule (HX from haloalkane). Substitution: swap an atom/group (Cl for H in methane, or OH for Br). Oxidation / reduction in organic: more C-O or less H is oxidation school; the opposite is reduction. Hydrolysis: water (or alkali) splits (ester, haloalkane). Polymerisation named. Meaning: later chapters reuse this list. Addition, substitution, elimination, oxidation, reduction, condensation — map to functional groups. Convert between formula types before naming; longest chain and lowest locants decide IUPAC marks.
1. ADD / ELIM / SUB
- Alkene additions fill the extra bond. Elimination makes a double bond. Substitution keeps the chain length in simple school cases. Alkene addition; halogenoalkane substitution; alcohol oxidation — preview Ch16-18.
- Br2 water test
- KOH alcoholic elim named
- KOH aqueous sub named
2. REDOX AND HYDROLYSIS
- Alcohol -> aldehyde -> acid is oxidation (K2Cr2O7 named school). Alkene -> alkane is reduction (H2 / Ni named). Ester + water <-> acid + alcohol. No drug routes. Recognise type from reagents: KMnO4 oxidises; H2/Ni reduces alkene.
- Orange to green Cr named
- Ni hydrogenation named
- Ester hydrolyse named
Exam Example
- Exam: alkene + Br2 is addition.
- haloalkane + aqueous alkali is substitution.
- haloalkane + hot alcoholic alkali is elimination (school).
- alcohol + acidified dichromate is oxidation (school).
Common Misconceptions
- Do not confuse 1. ADD / ELIM / SUB with 2. REDOX AND HYDROLYSIS; state the difference before giving an example.
- Writing only “add, eliminate, substitute, redox, hydrolyse” is not enough. Explain what it means in a complete sentence.
FBISE Exam Check
- Explain reaction types (organic map), compare its two main parts, and include the correct chemical evidence.
- Type names. No multi-step illicit synthesis.
60-second revision
- Addition: two molecules become one (alkene + Br2).
- 1. ADD / ELIM / SUB: Alkene additions fill the extra bond.
- 2. REDOX AND HYDROLYSIS: Alcohol -> aldehyde -> acid is oxidation (K2Cr2O7 named school).
- Exam reminder: Exam: alkene + Br2 is addition.
Did you understand this topic?
Your answer is saved with your learning record. It does not mark the topic as mastered.