MathematicsChapter 1: Functions and Graphs
Translations and Reflections
Replacing x by x-h shifts right; -f(x) reflects in the x-axis; f(-x) reflects in the y-axis.
Learning objectives
- State the rule for translations and reflections.
- Solve a translations and reflections problem step by step.
- Check the result, restrictions, notation, and units.
Definition
Replacing x by x-h shifts right; -f(x) reflects in the x-axis; f(-x) reflects in the y-axis.
Formula
y=-sqrt(x) reflects y
Where / symbols
- Translations and reflections
- Replacing x by x-h shifts right; -f(x) reflects in the x-axis; f(-x) reflects in the y-axis.
CONCEPT AND RULE
Replacing x by x-h shifts right; -f(x) reflects in the x-axis; f(-x) reflects in the y-axis.
METHOD
For translations and reflections, identify the given information and required result. Select the matching definition or formula, state its conditions, substitute carefully, simplify one line at a time, and check.
WORKED EXAMPLE
The graph y=-sqrt(x) reflects y=sqrt(x) in the x-axis.
COMMON MISTAKE
Write the governing rule before substitution, keep brackets and signs visible, and check that the answer satisfies all domain or interval conditions.
How to solve translations and reflections
- Identify the mathematical objects, givens, restrictions, and required result.
- Choose and write the relevant definition, theorem, or formula.
- Substitute with brackets and carry out one justified step per line.
- Simplify, state the final answer clearly, and verify it in the original setting.
Worked example
- Worked example:
- The graph y=-sqrt(x) reflects y=sqrt(x) in the x-axis.
In simple words
Write the governing rule before substitution, keep brackets and signs visible, and check that the answer satisfies all domain or interval conditions.
Key points
- Translations and reflections
- rule
- worked example
Exam preparation
Exam Focus
Quick revision
Revision Zone
Review the key facts, formulas and checks before you move on.Translations and Reflections
Sticky Notes · Formula and Worked Revision
Core Idea
- Replacing x by x-h shifts right; -f(x) reflects in the x-axis; f(-x) reflects in the y-axis.
Rule / Formula
- Replacing x by x-h shifts right; -f(x) reflects in the x-axis; f(-x) reflects in the y-axis.
Method
- Identify givens and restrictions.
- Write the rule.
- Substitute and simplify.
- Check the result.
Worked Example
- The graph y=-sqrt(x) reflects y=sqrt(x) in the x-axis.
Common Error
- Write the governing rule before substitution, keep brackets and signs visible, and check that the answer satisfies all domain or interval conditions.
FBISE Exam Tip
- Show the formula, substitutions, algebra, restrictions, and final answer; method marks need visible reasoning.
60-second revision
- Replacing x by x-h shifts right; -f(x) reflects in the x-axis; f(-x) reflects in the y-axis.
- Worked pattern: The graph y=-sqrt(x) reflects y=sqrt(x) in the x-axis.
- Final check: domain, sign, notation, units, and reasonableness.
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