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Chemistry · Class 11
Alkene --H2/Ni--> alkane. Alkene --HBr--> haloalkane. Alkene --steam/H+--> alcohol. Haloalkane --KOH aq--> alcohol. Haloalkane --KOH alc--> alkene. Alcohol --dichromate--> aldehyde/ketone/acid. Alcohol --conc H2SO4--> alkene. Acid + alcohol --H2SO4--> ester. Haloalkane --CN- --> nitrile --hydrolyse--> acid (extra carbon). Meaning: draw the map, then pick a path of two boxes. Alkene -> halogenoalka
PracticeAlcohols are very weak acids (weaker than water in some comparisons, book-dependent). They do not fizz with carbonates (unlike carboxylic acids — a tell). Sodium metal: H2 and alkoxide named (school demo idea, not a sodium-handling SOP). Phenol more acidic than ethanol (named if in the book), still weak vs HCl. Meaning: OH of alcohols is not the carboxylic acid OH. ROH weak acid — H+ lost to stron
PracticeAn air pollutant is a substance present in the atmosphere at a concentration that can harm human health, living organisms, materials or the environment.
PracticeBoth have the carbonyl C=O. Aldehyde: C=O at the end (CHO). Ketone: C=O in the chain. Ending -al vs -one. Planar carbon, polar C=O (C d+, O d-). Nucleophiles attack the carbon (later). Meaning: same group, different position — tests sort them (Tollens, Fehling). These notes are school carbonyls, not fragrance manufacture. Aldehyde CHO terminal; ketone C=O within chain — both have polar carbonyl. T