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Chemistry · Class 11
Alkene --H2/Ni--> alkane. Alkene --HBr--> haloalkane. Alkene --steam/H+--> alcohol. Haloalkane --KOH aq--> alcohol. Haloalkane --KOH alc--> alkene. Alcohol --dichromate--> aldehyde/ketone/acid. Alcohol --conc H2SO4--> alkene. Acid + alcohol --H2SO4--> ester. Haloalkane --CN- --> nitrile --hydrolyse--> acid (extra carbon). Meaning: draw the map, then pick a path of two boxes. Alkene -> halogenoalka
PracticeEster: from acid + alcohol (last chapter). Acid chloride RCOCl named (PCl5 / SOCl2 on acid) — fumes, not a manufacture SOP. Amide named (from acid chloride + ammonia school, or ammonium carboxylate heat). Anhydride named if the book has it. Meaning: the carboxyl carbon still wants Nu; derivatives are more or less reactive (chloride > anhydride > ester > amide school order). No drug-amide synthesis
PracticeAn air pollutant is a substance present in the atmosphere at a concentration that can harm human health, living organisms, materials or the environment.
PracticeBoth have the carbonyl C=O. Aldehyde: C=O at the end (CHO). Ketone: C=O in the chain. Ending -al vs -one. Planar carbon, polar C=O (C d+, O d-). Nucleophiles attack the carbon (later). Meaning: same group, different position — tests sort them (Tollens, Fehling). These notes are school carbonyls, not fragrance manufacture. Aldehyde CHO terminal; ketone C=O within chain — both have polar carbonyl. T